Assessing the Role — and the Future — of German Jews,the Fastest Growing Population of Jews in Europe

BEING JEWISH IN THE NEW GERMANY by Jeffrey M. Peck, Rutgers University Press, 215 Pages, $24.95

Germany today boasts the fastest growing population of Jews in Europe. The streets of Berlin abound with signs of a revival of Jewish culture, ranging from bagel shops to the sight of worshipers leaving synagogue on Saturday. On November 9, 2006, Jews throughout Germany marked the 68th anniversary of the notorious Nazi pogrom, Kristallnacht, with solemn commemorative ceremonies. In Munich, the city where the pogrom was first unleashed, a major new synagogue was dedicated, symbolizing the city’s ongoing effort to realize the elusive goal of “normalcy” in its relationship with the Jewish community.

In September, 2006, Germany ordained its first rabbis since World War II, an event hailed as a milestone in the rebirth of Jewish life in the country where the Holocaust began. The New York Times reported that, “Germany took a richly symbolic step in its long journey of historical reconciliation ... as three men became the first rabbis ordained in this country since the Holocaust. In a ceremony that blended bright hope for the future with a solemn homage to the past, the three — a German, a Czech, and a South African — stood before a senior rabbi in Dresden’s modern synagogue, as he told them they had been singled out, just as Moses had chosen Joshua, in Scripture.”

All of Germany Celebrates “All of Germany celebrates with us today, and all of Europe as well,” said Rabbi Walter Jacob, the president of Abraham Geiger College, which is named after the 19th century German Jewish theologian who founded the Higher Institute for Jewish Studies in Berlin, which was closed by the Nazis. He is one of the founders of Reform Judaism.

“Today, we have made a new beginning,” Rabbi Jacob said to the 250 in the congregation, many of them from the U.S. and Israel. The head of the Central Council of Muslims in Germany, Ayyub Axel Kohler, was also present.

After the ceremony, Rabbi Uri Regev, the president of the World Union for Progressive Judaism, said: “You could feel the winds of history hovering over your head. For the first time since the horrific events that destroyed the Jewish community, you could see a renewal of that community.”

German President Horst Koehler declared: “After the Holocaust many people could never have imagined that Jewish life in Germany could blossom again. That is why the first ordination of rabbis in Germany is a very special event indeed.”

Contemporary Jewish Life In an important new book, Being Jewish in the New Germany, Professor Jeffrey N. Peck of Georgetown University, who is also a senior fellow in residence at the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, explores the diversity of contemporary Jewish life and the complex struggles within the community over history, responsibility, culture, and identity. He provides a glimpse of an emerging, if conflicted, multicultural country and examines how the development of the European Community, globalization, and the post 9/11 political climate play out in this context.

Today, there are more than 100,000 registered members of the official German Jewish community and many more Jews who are not affiliated. Berlin, the new capital, has the largest Jewish population, with approximately 12,000 Jews registered. Frankfurt and Munich follow. While the Jewish population is still relatively small in relation to the total German population of approximately 83 million and its capital with 3.8 million, its moral and political significance outweighs its size. In 1933, it was estimated that Germany had about 500,000 Jews, of which about 160,000 resided in Berlin. At the end of World War II, as is well known, Germany’s and Europe’s Jewish population was decimated to a mere remnant of survivors.

“Now in the new millennium,” writes Professor Peck, “there is all the more reason to celebrate the triumph, as many see it, over Hitler’s Final Solution. Germany’s Jewish population has gained prominence as the fastest growing Jewish community in Europe and the third largest overall. Jewish Berlin has become a popular tourist site and home of major international and Jewish organizations. The leaders of Jewish institutions, like the American Jewish Committee (AJC), understand the importance of a sustained Jewish life in Germany. Far ahead of the Jewish public, they have established positive relations with Germany for decades. Yet, American Jews are often unable to overcome old stereotypes and prejudices. Many American Jews still feel uncomfortable traveling to Germany or even buying German products. In their minds, all Germans, even those born after the war, are tainted by the genocide.”

Identities No Longer Exclusive Today, Peck argues, “Being ‘German’ and being ‘Jewish,’ separated identities that have a long history, especially since the Holocaust, are no longer mutually exclusive. Before the Second World War, most German Jews thought of themselves as Germans. ... After the war, the terminology separating Germans and Jews connoted the alienation and separation for those Jews remaining, most of whom were not ‘German’ but displaced persons from Eastern Europe who came to be known by those ignominious initials as DP’s. Then, it was simple, the Germans were the perpetrators and the Jews were the victims. As a postwar Jewish community took shape, albeit until recently very small, the term ‘Jews in Germany’ became the dominant description of a people who were not fully comfortable or integrated into the society around them. My own prognosis looks toward a potentially new categorization, a ‘new’ German Jewry that will represent a different status in both historical and contemporary terms.”

In Germany at the present time there are 89 synagogues under the Central Council, 12 outside the Council, as part of the Reform World Union of Progressive Judaism (WUPJ), and 30 rabbis. With the official Community, dominated by the Orthodox, the central issue, Peck points out, “concerns the religious definition of membership, based on either the Halakhic law of maternal lineage or conversion by an Orthodox rabbi. This rule particularly affects Russian Jewish immigrants, whose Jewishness was recognized in the former Soviet Union patrilinearly and stamped into their passports as ‘national’ affiliations were for other groups. Non-Halakhic Jews, for example, those with Jewish fathers and gentile mothers, therefore cannot be members, but may participate in the Community’s activities.”

6,500 Jews Survived At the end of the war, about 6,500 Jews survived through mixed marriage, living underground, and other means. About 2,000 returned to Berlin from the concentration camps. Most importantly, approximately 200,000 Jews came to Germany as DP’s. Housed in camps established by the U.S. military authority, most of these people did not want to stay in Germany. They were only in transit on their way to Israel, the U.S. or Canada. The few thousand who remained formed the basis of the postwar Jewish community. Consequently, Germany, the home of Reform Judaism — where the first female rabbi, Regina Jonas, was ordained in 1935 — is now far more Orthodox than before the war.

In January 1991, after German reunification, Soviet Jews were now admitted under the quota refugee law granting them rights ironically only accorded to the so-called ethnic Germans, whose relationship to contemporary Germany after many generations of living in remote areas of the Soviet Union was more imagined than real. This legislation was a turning point for Soviet Jewish immigration since it allowed masses of Jews to enter Germany as immigrants rather than on tourist visas as had previously been the informal practice.

Most of the newcomers, an estimated 80 percent, are halakhically not Jewish, meaning they do not have Jewish mothers or do not fulfill other requirements, such as an Orthodox conversion. The intolerance of Germany’s organized Jewish community is something which Professor Peck laments and finds counterproductive: “Religion, which defines the Jewish Community, allows little diversity; Orthodoxy dominates, some Liberal (Conservative) synagogues fill out the picture, and no official Reform offerings are available, except for the controversial World Union of Progressive Judaism (WUPJ) still fighting for recognition. ... I know of one story of an esteemed young Jew who was dismissed from a religious Jewish institution in Berlin when it was discovered that his mother’s conversion was not properly Orthodox. Whatever the reasons ... halakhic regulation remains ... powerful in a community that some might say can ill afford to be so conservative.”

Optimistic About the Future Peck is clearly optimistic about the future of Jewish life in Germany. He writes of the symbolism involved in the official opening of the Jewish Museum of Berlin in September 2001, under the directorship of Michael Blumenthal, an American Jew who escaped Germany as a child through Shanghai. In his “Welcome” printed in the book “Stories of an Exhibition: Two Millennia of German Jewish History,” the official documentation of the museum, Blumenthal states: “The Jewish Museum Berlin is no ordinary museum. As a major institution of memory, it occupies a unique place in Germany’s capital city. As a national institution supported by the Federal Government, the State of Berlin, all political parties, and a broad cross-section of the public, its mission has sociopolitical meaning that far transcends the story it tells of the 2000-year history of German Jewry. It symbolizes, in fact, a widely shared determination to confront the past and to apply its lessons to societal problems of today and tomorrow.”

By presenting a chronological history of the Jews from their earliest settlement in the areas that became the German-speaking lands through the present, it reminds the visitor, especially non-Jewish Germans, Peck points out, “that the Jew is not an ‘other,’ an exoticized foreigner who does not belong, but an integral part of a historical German identity. While the urge to harmonize German-Jewish identity is understandable, I would suggest that this exhibition is also a contentious site for definitions of what it means to be German as well as Jewish.”

Throughout the exhibition, Jews in their many historical and religious incarnations are presented as an integral part of the German tradition, one that stretches back thousands of years to the time, where the exhibition begins, when the “Children of Israel were expelled from the Holy Land and first came to the Germanic lands. One sees how Jews not only tried to participate in German society that would create the so-called German-Jewish symbiosis that was destroyed by the Nazis, but also that this interrelationship was longstanding. The exhibit declares that, “From the beginning, the history of what is now Germany was a German-Jewish history” and “Jewish merchants were among the first inhabitants of medieval German cities. Often they were among their founders.”

Symbolic Value Beyond Numbers Germany’s Jewish community, Peck believes, “has a symbolic value beyond the numbers. Although this new community may not be enough to guarantee that Jews will never be the targets of prejudice or attack ... its mere presence carries weight and makes a powerful statement. It represents the defeat of Hitler’s Final Solution, a future for a new Jewish life in Germany, and hope for acceptance of diversity in a country that, unlike the U.S., defined itself for a long time as only white and Christian.”

It is unfortunate, in Peck’s view, that for many Americans, “Germany is still often identified exclusively with the past Nazi horrors rather than with its postwar democratic and liberal successes. ... Only by increased information and contact between the U.S. and Germany/Europe can Americans understand how they are still often encumbered by myths, stereotypes and cliches of the ‘old Europe’ that describes all Germans either as militaristic, Nazis, or, more recently, as wimpy peacenicks. According to this interpretation, Jews should be afraid to live in a country with either of these dangerous alternatives that could mean attack from the inside or vulnerability to attack from outside. It is time for Americans to see Germany not in such black-and-white terms and to understand the importance of increased knowledge for improved transatlantic relations. Compared to other European countries ... Germany — its government and its institutions, as well as a majority of its population — has shown its ability and willingness to face the past and to support through its growing Jewish community the creation of a potential bulwark against a threatening future. This new Germany, however, is only visible if we look beyond stereotypes to see opportunities that might otherwise be missed.”

In the years immediately after World War II, Peck writes, “The world Jewish community had placed an official Jewish ‘ban’ on living in Germany.” More recently, on a January 1996 visit to Germany, Israeli President Ezer Weizman declared that he “cannot understand how 40,000 Jews can live in Germany,” and asserted that, “The place of Jews is in Israel. Only in Israel can Jews live full Jewish lives.”

A New Generation Ignatz Bubis, then head of Germany’s main Jewish organization, responded, “I have lived here since 1945 and have met two new generations who simply do not identify with the Nazis. This is a new generation.”

Arguing that a Jewish presence in Germany prevents Hitler from achieving his posthumous victory of a “Judenrein” Germany, Bubis declared, “The full revival of the Jewish community in post-war Germany is important. ... There is no reason to say that Jews cannot live in Germany.” While a proud Jew, he was also proud to be, as the title of his memoir emphasizes, “A German citizen of the Jewish faith.” Peck writes that, “As Israelis like Weizman tried to isolate German Jews, Bubis often had to remind non- Jewish Germans that he did not want to be turned from a German into an Israeli simply because he was Jewish.”

In response to Weizman’s 1996 declarations, a group of Jewish students living in Germany gave a variety of responses. On the one hand, we hear, “One should decide for oneself where one lives,” and on the other, “I think it is understandable that Weizman said such a thing. We Jews who live here in Germany ask ourselves the same question. Weizman’s statement describes one of my own vulnerabilities.” Alice Brauner, one of a group called “The Young Jews of Berlin” exemplifies the more positive attitude: “I won’t emigrate. On the contrary, our roots, in this country cannot be broken.” The daughter of film producer Arthur Brauner, who returned to Germany after the war, calls herself a “Jewish Berliner with German citizenship.” Brauner calls Germany home: “We stay because we are at home here and feel at home here.”

Ambivalence with Israel There continues to be ambivalence in the relationship of German Jews and Israel. “The Central Council of Jews in Germany’s own relationship with Israel was accented in July 2003 when a five-member delegation, among them Paul Spiegel, and Vice President Charlotte Knobloch traveled to Israel,” reports Peck. “From the Jewish Agency’s 1943 ban that threatened to ‘excommunicate’ Jews who did not leave Germany up until Weizman’s visit, Israeli policymakers have been generally skeptical of Jewish life in Germany, even as they developed their close ‘special relationship’ with German governments and their elites. ... Natan Sharansky, in an interview with Judische Allgemeine Wechenzeitung still claimed, ‘Of course, in point of fact, I see it as a problem that only one generation after the Holocaust, Jews are settling in Germany.’ He balances this point, however, with affirming diplomatically the importance of working together with the Central Council. Obviously, this statement which coincidentally appeared next to a prominent front-page article entitled ‘With Guarded Hope’ about the visit of the Central Council to Israel, recognizes again the ambivalence on both sides, especially strained by the immigration of so many Russian Jews to Germany.”

The optimism of those who are working to enhance Jewish life in today’s Germany is reported through the many people with whom Jeffrey Peck spoke in the preparation of this book. The Lauder Foundation, now housed in its own Lehrhaus (learning center) — named after an institution founded by Franz Rosenzweig in the 1920s — is headed by a young rabbi, Josh Spinner, who was born in Baltimore and grew up in Hamilton, Ontario. Peck reports that, “He was lively engaged, energetic, and clearly committed to the future of Jewish life in Germany. He felt that God had brought the Jews to Germany, and it was his job to do what he could to make a Jewish life possible, no matter where it might be.”

Rabbi Spinner said: “Wherever there are Jews, there should be Jewish life.” What he called “the pariah status” of Jews in Germany for so many years since the war’s end should not hinder the development of a Jewish life that is active and in the world, being German as well as Jewish. Rather than demonstrating Jewishness through symbolically attending a Klezmer concert, remembrance of a lost world that did not even belong to German Jews, Spinner offers substantive Jewish learning through full or part time study. While not training Jewish “officials” such as rabbis or cantors, Spinner is training, in his words, “what to look for in a rabbi or cantor.” His goal is to create a knowledgeable, educated and integrated Jewish life from within, wherever Jews live, be it in Germany or elsewhere. Then they can show their fellow citizens, as well as non-practicing Jews, the real existence of a Jewish life based on the skills of “any observant Jewish man.”

Flourishing Jewish Life Another rabbi active in Berlin is Yehuda Teichtel, a native of Brooklyn who heads Chabad Lubavitch. Teichtel’s plans for an enlarged Chabad Center in a new building testify to the future he sees for a flourishing Jewish life in Germany. He believes that the greatest service to the six million killed is the establishment of Jewish life on German soil to prove Hitler wrong.

The growth of the German Jewish community, as well as the increasing interaction between Jewish communities all across Europe as a result of the establishment of the European Union will, Professor Peck believes, lead to a changed relationship between Israel and Jewish communities throughout the world.

He points to the historic exchange in 1950 between the president of the American Jewish Committee, Jacob Blaustein, and Israel’s prime minister, David Ben-Gurion. When Israel was established, many prominent American Jews were concerned about the contempt expressed by some Israeli leaders for Jewish life outside of Israel and their desire for a massive emigration of all Jews to the new state. In particular, they did not want Israel to interfere in the “internal affairs” of the American Jewish community.

As summarized by the American Jewish Committee, the Blaustein-Ben-Gurion agreement stipulated that: “(1) Jews of the United States, as a community and as individuals, have only one political attachment, namely to the United States of America; (2) that the Government and people of Israel respect the integrity of Jewish life in the democratic countries and the right of Jewish communities to develop their indigenous social, economic and cultural aspirations, in accordance with their own needs and institutions; and (3) that Israel fully accepts the fact that the Jews of the United States do not live ‘in exile,’ and that America is home for them.” Promoting Idea of “Exile”

Whatever David Ben-Gurion may have said in 1950, the fact is that ever since many in Israel have persisted in promoting the idea that Jews living outside of its borders are indeed in “exile” and that all Jews should emigrate to the Jewish state. It is Professor Peck’s view that the Blaustein-Ben-Gurion declaration should be applied to Jewish communities in countries such as Germany as well as to the United States. He writes, “Increasingly, the relationship between Israel and its Diaspora is being altered due to religious, political, or social differences and the changing Jewish culture in both the traditional Jewish homeland and Germany. Many citizens of the homeland seem more Israeli than Jewish. Consequently, Jewish Diaspora existence may well become more decentered and self-assured.”

Recent immigration data show that four times as many Israelis live in the U.S. as American Jews in Israel. The number of Israelis of German descent applying for German passports has increased dramatically in the two years since the start of the Second Intifada. The German Embassy in Tel Aviv is currently issuing some 250 passports a month, more than double the number of the l990s, and is expected to top 3,000 in 2006, compared to 1,751 in 2001.

A lawyer who represents many of these dual citizens told Peck that many Israelis regard a German passport as “an insurance policy” in case times get harder. In 2002, more Jews from the former Soviet Union immigrated to Germany (19,262) than to Israel (18,878). Peck favorably cites the study of Jewish life in a number of cities around the world by journalist Larry Tye, Home Lands: Portrait of the New Jewish Diaspora (2001), which concludes with a chapter entitled “Israel, A Partnership of Equals,” which acknowledges more detachment and increased willingness on the part of even Jewish organizations to consider other Jewish populations as important as Israel’s. The existence of a Jewish state, while important to world Jewry’s notion of community, may no longer be, according to Tye, the place they call home, even as Israelis realize that immigration to Israel of all Diaspora Jews is not a realistic hope.

Much Soul-Searching In a thoughtful chapter about “Jews and Turks” in contemporary Germany, Peck shows that the very idea of what being a German really means is undergoing revision, and a great deal of soul-searching. He writes: “Jews are a constant reminder of a past that won’t go away. Turks are the strange ‘guests’ who were never really welcome and have overstayed their visit. Both groups represent to the German mind the ‘other,’ the one who does not fit static notions of German identity. In fact, to many Germans, the Turks have become the ‘new Jews.’ We must ask: are these comparisons linked to a heterogeneous rather than homogeneous German identity today as the nation comes to terms with its racial, ethnic, and religious diversity? How do historical notions of citizenship based on blood and its perversion by the Nazis continue to reassert themselves despite multicultural Germany’s new understanding of itself that challenges static and racially based notions.”

The Berlin office of the American Jewish Committee meets regularly with Jewish and Turkish leaders to discuss common problems and mutual support. Whenever tension appears between the larger German society and its minorities, particularly Turks, Peck laments that many, particularly Americans, are too quick to make comparisons with the past: “Again the specter of Nazism seemed to be rearing its ugly head, especially for Americans who are quick to see Nazis around every corner. While the Nazi horrors need to be remembered, it is an injustice to compare the victims of both historical periods with each other. The Jews’ tragedy was not only their persecution and extermination because they were different, religiously, ethnically, and according to the Nazis racially, but also the fact that in Germany their common ties through citizenship and nationhood meant nothing.”

Violence Against Turks When violence erupted against Turkish immigrants in recent years, Peck notes that, “American Jews in particular and the American press in general reacted swiftly and forcefully to the attacks that reminded them of the 1930s and 1940s. Some people even used the word ‘atrocity’ to describe soligen, a term usually reserved for the magnitude and horror on the scale of the Holocaust. The Washington Times writing about Rostock invoked Kristallnacht, the event that initiated the systematic persecution of the Jews in 1933. ... One rabbi ...declared, ‘The violence, ugliness, hatred of the foreigner and all the things we see emerging again really raise some terribly, terribly painful questions about the character of the (German) people.’ Another rabbi, speaking more dramatically, stated, ‘It’s horrendous ... These are shades of the Holocaust of Germany’s past.’ A.M. Rosenthal of The New York Times entered the fray with more fear and paranoia. ‘The attacks on foreigners, particularly those of dark skin are not just sudden bursts of violence. They are as much a part of Nazi strategy as were the first attacks on Jews.’ And finally, a truly reactionary response by a respected law professor at Harvard, Alan Dershowitz, who asked, ‘Why does the civilized world seem so shocked at the resurgence of Nazism in Germany?’ He concludes, “Nazism will recur in Germany every time there is a crisis, unless the German leaders begin to speak the painful truth to their people.’ Looking back at these statements from 2004, one might be more sanguine in reacting to these events, which have not proven to be as dangerous as some of these commentators once feared ... Apparently, cliches and stereotypes do not disappear so easily.”

The reason for much of the violence against immigrants relates, in Peck’s view, to German reunification and to the fact that the Communist government in East Germany never properly confronted the Nazi past. He writes that, “It is clear that the German Democratic Republic’s (GDR) program or antifascism and obligatory people’s solidarity failed. The historian Konrad Jarausch has pointed out that the GDR historians ‘fixated upon the Nazi menace in the past and failed to criticize the threat of Erich Honecker’s police state in the present’ and ‘did not engage the racial dimension of anti-Semitism and insufficiently inoculated youths against xenophobia.’ Through the 1990s and even today, the economic and social inequities of the reunification process in fact sustain these citizens’ hostility toward the foreigners in their midst, in addition to their own resentment at having been constituted as an ‘other’ by the West Germans.”

European-Wide Identity A new European-wide Jewish identity is now in the process of emerging. A journalist in an article titled “New Chapter in Jewish History Emerges in Europe,” characterizes the emerging Jewish community very optimistically: “What’s happening is that the size and composition of the Jewish communities in Europe are changing in ways that reflect the era of globalization. Internet communication, the broadening culture of the soon-to-expand European Union (EU), and the search for personal identity.” Julian Voloj of the 200,000 strong European Union of Jewish Students (EUJS) declares that, “There’s a lot going on. We should not just focus on negative things but on the future.” Marta Mucznik, executive director of the EUJS, who is Portuguese, says, “We are concerned how to build a positive Jewish identity that is not just based on the Middle East. This is part of our identity, but it shouldn’t be all.”

For Voloj, the former president of the German student group and a former leader of the EUJS, the work of European Jews that spans the Continent is even more powerful than that of the EU. Their initiative is supported by the regularly sponsored pan European Summer University where 500 young Jews gather. Voloj is proud of their accomplishments: “We are much further than the EU. We have 32 member countries — all of Europe from Finland to the Balkans, from Portugal to the eastern part of Russia. We experience the problem of European integration up close in our organization.”

The EU itself, writes Peck, “represents opportunities for Jews who see that it offers support for Jewish unity and protection from discrimination under the Copenhagen Accords. Touching both sides of Jewish concerns, the EU stands for integration Europe-wide and for security within individual countries. ... Shortly after the EU expansion on May 1, 2004, which included Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Malta and Cyprus, a Polish Jewish activist said, ‘I doubt there are any Jews in Poland or among our neighbors who are not in favor of us joining the EU. The main thing is that we will be one body. For Jews this means that the idea of forming ‘European Jewry’ will be easier to explore. The national differences ... will remain, but there will be an administrative background to European Jewish identity.

“Third Pillar” Premise Polish Jewish journalist Konstantin Gebert Liadc made similar claims:“EU enlargement brings European Jews even closer together and will enable us to test out the ‘third pillar’ premise.” He also sees membership in the EU offering to Jews “protection of E.U. laws on minorities.”

For European Jewry to survive and thrive, Peck believes that a radical rethinking of categories must take place about the construction of Jewish identity. Closest to his own approach, he points out, is the historian Diana Pinto and her notion of the European Jewish space. Controversial in some circles because of her optimism about the future and, at the same time, pragmatic about declining numbers of European Jews, she states, “Rather than perceiving this numerical reality as an impoverishment, Jews should consider this structural condition as a major positive challenge, indeed as a challenge unique to Europe. For if Jews now live in Europe in a voluntary manner it means they share a series of complex affinities with others and it is this link that must be deepened and turned into a creative dialogue, starting with non-Jews who choose to enter the Jewish space.”

Pinto points out that precisely because of the closeness of European Jews and their gentile neighbors, who both persecuted and saved them, the Jewish “coming home,” as she calls it, “not only has lifted an oppressive silence but has permitted long-needed national debates to take place, thus liberating and enriching political and cultural agoras throughout Europe ... European Jews in this context offer the living proof that the Holocaust, while never being forgotten, can be transcended, and this stance, more than any other, may set them apart from their Israeli or American cousins, for whom the holocaust has become a frozen memory.”

Gauge of Democratization In large measure, Peck argues, how Jews are treated in the new Europe will be an important element in determining the future of the EU. He writes that, “Jews are still, in my opinion, a gauge of democratization and religious freedom for the outside world. ... The international affairs director of the AJC told me about his high-level meetings in the Baltic states as they prepared for admission to the EU. Treatment of the indigenous Jewish population was an important criterion for those who would evaluate these countries’ human rights’ records and potential as a condition for full membership in a European community. In other words, the treatment of Jews in Europe is the measure for acceptance and success.”

Interviews with prominent leaders of the Jewish community in Germany and with American directors of important Jewish institutions now located in Berlin, convince Peck that “Jewish life, even with its many problems ... offers optimism and potentially a vehicle for improving transatlantic relations. The sheer presence of a Jewish population with a variety of religious orientations, as well as opportunities for Jews who are culturally identified rather than affiliated according to Orthodox Jewish law, paints a picture of a thriving and vibrant community. It is one populated by a mixture of German, Polish, and primarily Russian Jews and Israelis, Americans, Canadians, and others from around the world complementing the mix.”

Transatlantic relations might be improved if more Americans, especially Jewish Americans, knew more about the complexities of Jewish life in Germany and the role of German politics and culture in European-wide relations. During the Office of Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 2004 conference in Berlin on anti-Semitism, the fact that Berlin was the capital of Nazi Germany and now the location of such a meeting, was cited by almost all of the prominent participants. German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer welcomed the guests with these words, “The German government has invited you all to this conference in Berlin — in our capital, in the city in which almost seventy years ago not far from here the destruction of European Jewry was decided, planned, and instituted. We, as hosts, want to acknowledge the historical and moral responsibility of Germany for the Shoah. The memory of this monstrous crime against humanity will also influence German politics in the future.”

Germany Still Identified with Past Dr. Peck laments that, “Unfortunately, Germany is still often identified in the U.S. exclusively with past Nazi horrors rather than with its postwar democratic and liberal successes. The site of the OSCE Conference was to demonstrate dramatically Germany’s commitment to combating anti-Semitism even though Jews have not been targets as frequently as in France. In fact, some Jews in Germany seem to be less fearful than their American counterpart. For example, Cilly Kugelmann, program director for the Jewish Museum who has lived in Israel and criticizes the German left for its ‘anti-Semitism cloaked as anti-Zionism,’ still finds ‘the alarmism about an apparent new anti-Semitic danger greatly exaggerated.’ ... Joschka Fischer represents the special attention that Germany pays to its Jewish citizens and new Jewish immigrants. As he reminded Jews and non-Jews alike at the OSCE Conference. ‘For every active attack against a Jewish Citizen, every desecration of a Jewish cemetery, indeed, every single anti-Semitic expression threatens not only our Jewish people and Jewish communities in Germany and elsewhere, but also and precisely our open and democratic society as a whole.”

Increasingly, there are signs that Jewish life in Germany is being normalized. Dr. Peck points to a number of examples. One of Germany’s most popular weekly television programs featuring one of Germany’s prime time icons — Tatert (Scene of the Crime) with masculine, rough-hewn star Getz George playing Detective Schimanski. One installment took, at least in the eyes of a t.v. critic, a step forward in the depiction of Jewish life. Schimanski, with his usual cunning, comes to the aid of an Orthodox Jew who thinks he is about to be murdered by another Jew. Schimanski takes a job in a kosher restaurant to shadow the potential criminal. The critic emphasizes in his review in the prominent conservative daily Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung an interesting and provocative change from the typical obligatory and overly pious German knee-jerk response to Holocaust victimhood and guilt that took a female police detective to Israel in an earlier episode.

New Attitude As what he calls “perhaps a portent of new attitudes,” Peck points to the 2005 film entitled “Alles auf Zucker!” (Bet it all on Zucker!), the first post-war German Jewish comedy, by Swiss German Jew and filmmaker Dani Levy, who now lives in Berlin. Der Spiegel journalist Jody Biehl headed her review with the claim “Germany Breaks A Taboo” and noted that the film has blossomed into a surprise box-office hit and that the film’s director says he’s tired of seeing Jews portrayed, only as victims. Laughter, Liehl wrote, could be the best medicine for ever tense German-Jewish ties, what she calls the Germans’ “stereotypical heaviness” toward Jews might be tempered by the humorous stereotypes Levy himself uses to portray his characters.

Levy has made seven other films about German-Jewish relations, including one which he called “Maschugge” (English title: “The Giraffe”). About “Alles auf Zucker,” Levy states: “Germans no longer have any experience in relation to Jews and that creates a natural discomfort. Combine that with Germany’s bad conscience over the Holocaust and you get an irrational fear. I want to change that, My film is not a film about Jews. It’s a film about people caught up in everyday chaos who happen to be Jews.” Indeed, Levy hopes, “Germans can laugh with these Jews ... (and) start to see how human they are ... Maybe then Jews will lose a little of their foreignness. And maybe, just maybe, Germans will lose a little of their fear.”

“Mein Fuehrer” Opening in January, 2007 in Germany is Dani Levy’s latest film, “Mein Fuehrer: The Truly Truest Truth About Adolf Hitler.” Discussing this movie, The Washington Post (January 2, 2007) reports: “Coming soon to German cinemas: a demoralized, drug-addled Adolf Hitler who plays with a toy battleship in the bathtub, dresses his dog in a Nazi uniform and takes acting tips from a Jewish concentration camp inmate. The movie is treading ground that once would have been off-limits. This is not Mel Brook’s ‘The Producers’ or Charlie Chaplin’s ‘The Great Dictator,’ but a German movie that dares to treat Hitler as comedy.”

Levy’s plot starts in December 1944, with Berlin in ruins and Hitler too depressed to deliver a much- awaited rallying speech. His propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, finds a solution in Adolf Gruenbaum, a fictional Jewish actor who once coached Hitler and is now in a concentration camp. “We need someone who can ignite our Fuehrer’s greatest strength — and that strength is his hatred,” Goebbels explains.

Gruenbaum uses the mission to try to kill Hitler, but fails. So he puts him through humiliating exercises, such as crawling about barking like a dog. The farce broadens when Hitler’s barber accidentally shaves off half his mustache; the enraged dictator shouts himself hoarse and Gruenbaum has to lip-sync the big speech, but deviates from the script to make Hitler look even sillier.

Unthinkable a Decade Ago Paul Nolte, a professor at Berlin’s Free University, says that all of this would have been unthinkable a decade ago, when Germans were engrossed in “a very serious appraisal of Nazism” and how to commemorate its victims. “Today they find it easier to go beyond that, and enter other genres.”

Director Dani Levy notes that the German people’s distance from the events has grown as the World War II generation dwindles. He points to Italian Roberto Benigni’s Oscar-winning “Life Is Beautiful” of 1997 as a taboo-breaking forerunner, about a father who uses desperate and hilarious means to shield his son from the horrors of a Nazi death camp and convince him it is all an elaborate game. “I think it is important that we create new pictures of our own, also of the Holocaust or Nazism, and not always work off the old, realistic pictures, because I think that just makes us lazy and tired, and we don’t learn anything from it,” Levy said.

Der Spiegel, the German weekly, says that the new wave of films about Hitler is demonstrating “a need to break the myth down to a normal human ... that makes him more everyday, perhaps easier to understand, in any case smaller. The ultimate way to shrink a myth is to make it laughable.”

The Washington Post reports that, “Germans have experienced, perhaps for the first time since before the war, the full force of national pride, engendered by their successful staging of the soccer World Cup last summer. ‘Mein Ball,’ a musical staged in Hamburg this year, even managed to marry the disparate themes by imagining Hitler trying to save Germany by staging the World Cup. The film version of the Broadway staging of ‘The Producers,’ with its signature song ‘Springtime for Hitler’ was shown in cinemas last spring without creating a major stir. In a related sign of changing attitudes, it also was a huge hit in Israel, home of tens of thousands of Holocaust survivors, with few complaints about bad taste.”

Rebirth of Community In his description of the rebirth of the German Jewish community, Jeffrey Peck argues that there is, indeed, a vibrant and significant future for Jews in Germany. He also speculates that contemporary European Jewry can transform Judaism to be more inclusive, which he feels would be an important step forward. He dismisses complaints that events such as Jewish cultural festivals, open to Jews and non- Jews alike, don’t count as genuinely Jewish. “Just as branding an automobile as ‘made in America,’ though parts are imported from around the world and assembled by immigrant labor, a state of pure ‘Jewishness’ is no longer possible to achieve ...”

Jeffrey Peck is hardly alone in his optimistic analysis. Another recent volume, Turning the Kaleidoscope: Perspective on European Jewry (Berghan Books) collects a series of essays about European Jews. Lars Dencik, a Swedish professor of social psychology, agrees with Peck’s expansive model of Jewish identity. He cites surveys showing that Jews in Sweden identify strongly as both Swedes and Jews — not one or the other, but fully both at once. Swedish Jews pick and choose from both Swedish and Jewish traditions in what he calls a “postmodern, Swedish smorgasbord Judaism.”

Another possibility for European Jewry, suggested by British contributor Clive Lawton, is that they “can mediate the gap” between America and Israel the way England has between America and the E.U. He contrasts the American model of Jewish identity, which is based on one’s private relationship with faith, to its opposite extreme, the secular Israeli model, in which Jewish identity is nationalized and has, for many, almost no religious component. Lawton posits the existence of a European identity model that falls somewhere in the middle of these two extremes and is about “community.”

Worthy of Attention The Jewish community in Germany, being Europe’s third largest and fastest growing, is worthy of continued interest and attention, particularly given the history of the Holocaust. Professor Peck has provided us with a landmark study of that community and of the larger changes taking place within a reunified Germany, and a larger European Union which faces new challenges of immigration and in which many of its members are moving toward genuinely heterogeneous societies.

It is essential, Dr. Peck declares, that Americans in general, and American Jews in particular, see today’s Germans and contemporary Germany as they really are, and not as reflected in memories of the Nazi era. It is also essential, he believes, that Israelis abandon the idea that Jews living outside of its borders are, somehow, in “exile”, and that genuine Jewish life cannot exist in the larger world and, in particular, in a country so burdened with history as Germany. Sharing the idea that a thriving and growing Jewish community in Germany is, indeed, a final defeat for Hitler, Jeffrey Peck is optimistic about the future. His book deserves widespread attention, regardless of whether or not the reader agrees with all of his conclusions.